What defines a theory in scientific research?

A theory in scientific research is defined as a well-substantiated hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and supported by a substantial body of evidence. This means that a theory is more than just a single idea or guess; it’s a comprehensive framework that explains certain phenomena based on repeated validation through experimentation and observation. Theories integrate findings from various studies, offering a coherent understanding of a specific aspect of the natural world.

A well-substantiated theory also allows for predictions to be made and can be revised or refuted as new evidence emerges, exemplifying the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry. This understanding of a theory distinguishes it from other concepts, such as anecdotal accounts, which rely on personal experiences and observations that lack systematic investigation. Similarly, a single hypothesis is a proposed explanation that has not yet undergone extensive testing, making it less robust than a theory. Lastly, a controlled variable refers to elements in an experiment that are kept constant to ensure valid results, which does not pertain to what defines a theory.